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Creating a
Works Cited List:
What Format Do I Use for Most Disciplines?
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List
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MLA 7th ed. |
Parenthetical References (In-Text Citations) FORMATTING
A LIST OF WORKS CITED USING MLA STYLE
General
Rules
1.
Center the title Works Cited at the top.
2. Alphabetize the
list by the authors’ last names. If there is more than one author for a single
work, only the first
author is last-name-first.
If there is no author, alphabetize by the first main word (skip ‘a’,
‘an’, or ‘the’) of the title .
3. Do NOT number or
bullet each entry.
4. The first line of
each entry should be flush with the left margin. The following lines are indented by five spaces
(hanging indent).
5. A period goes
after EACH section of the citation (Author. Title. Publication Information.
Medium.).
6. Titles of
articles or web pages should be in italics, unless they are part of a
larger site, in which case they should be enclosed by quotation marks. Titles
of books, journals, larger sites, or databases
should be italicized.
All major words in a title should be capitalized.
7. All Dates are written
as day month year, with no punctuation between except for period after the month abbreviation.
Only May, June, and July are fully written out
Example: 26 Oct. 2009.
8.
The seventh edition of the MLA
Handbook recommends the omission of URLs for online sources, based on
their tendency to change, as well as the difficulty of copying them
accurately. However, they are optional, so an instructor may require their inclusion.
If so,
place them after the Date of Access and enclose them in angle brackets, followed
by a period.
Example:
<http://www.url.htm>.
9.
The seventh edition of the MLA
Handbook now requires the inclusion of the medium of the source
(e.g.: Print. Web. etc.).
10.
Indicate
missing
data by using the appropriate
abbreviation: n.d. (no date), n.p. (no publisher; no place), n. pag. (no page
numbers).
Arrange the pieces of a citation as
follows:
1.
Arrange information for
an Internet source in the following sequence:
Authorlastname,
Firstname (or Organization). “Title of Page.”
Title
of Larger Site. Day Month Year of
electronic publication/last update.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
2.
Arrange
information for an article in an online database in the following sequence:
Author’s Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” Periodical Title. Date of
publication:
Page
numbers. Title of the Database.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
3. Arrange information for
an online image in the following sequence:
Artistlastname,
Firstname. Title of Image.
Year created. "Page Title."
Title of Website.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
4. Arrange
information for a print magazine article in the following sequence:
Authorlastname,
Firstname. “Title of Article.”
Magazine
Title Day Month Year: Page numbers.
Print.
5. Arrange
information for a print article in a scholarly journal in the following sequence:
Authorlastname,
Firstname. “Title of Article.”
Journal
Title Volume #.Issue # (Year): Page numbers.
Print.
6.
Arrange
information for a book in the following sequence:
Authorlastname,
Firstname. Title of Book. Place:
Publisher, Date. Pages.
Print.
Changes in MLA 7th ed.
1. Use italics for titles of
larger pieces (web sites, books, periodicals, databases, etc.), not underlining.
2. Add the medium of each source (Print. DVD. etc.), usually at
the end of the citation. For web sources, insert the medium (Web.) before the date of
access.
3. URLs are no longer required, but are still optional, especially if the
citation information does not easily lead readers to the source. Students should
always check
with their instructor.
4. The name of the Subscribing Institution is no longer required for
online databases.
5. Indicate missing data by using the appropriate abbreviation: n.d.
(no date), n.p. (no publisher; no place), n. pag. (no page numbers).
Citations by
Source Format
Note: The use of bold print
within a citation example indicates that the word in bold should be included
just as it appears.
Internet
Resources
Note:
The seventh edition of the MLA Handbook recommends the omission of URLs for
online sources, based on their constant tendency to change, as well as the
difficulty of copying them accurately. If you choose to include them, or if an
instructor requires you to, place them after the date of access and enclose them
in angle brackets followed by a period (e.g.: <http://www.url.org>.)
Basic Website
Author's Lastname, Firstname.
"Page Title." Larger Site. Date of electronic
publication/last upload.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Article from an
Online Subscription Database
Author’s Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.”
Original Source. Date of
original publication: Page numbers.
Title of the Database.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Personal Home Page
Creator’s
Lastname, Firstname. Home page.
Day Month Year of
publication/last update.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Online Book
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work. Editor’s Firstname Lastname, ed.
(or Compiler’s, or
Translator’s name, followed by an identifier, comp., or
trans., respectively). City of publication:
Name of Publisher, Date
of original publication. Larger Site.
Web.
Day Month Year of
access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Online Government Publication
Country Name. Name of
Government Agency or Department. Larger Site. Author’s Firstname Lastname.
Date
of publication.
Web.
Day Month Year of
access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Article in an Online Newspaper or Magazine
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical
volume#.issue# [e.g.: 15. 3]
(Date of
publication): Pages.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Review
Reviewer’s
Lastname, Firstname. Rev. of Title of Work,
dir. by Director’s Firstname Lastname. Title of
Periodical
volume#.issue#
(Date of
publication):
Pages.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Online Sound
Recording
Speaker’s/Performer's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Recording."
Larger Site.
Publisher. Date of publication.
Web.
Day Month Year of access. <http://www.url.htm>.
Film
Clip
Creator’s Lastname, Firstname.
"Title or Description of Film Clip."
Larger Site.
Publisher. Date of publication.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Online
Encyclopedia
Author's Lastname, Firstname. "Article Title." Online Encyclopedia Title.
Publisher.
Publication date.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Image
Creator’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Image. "Page Title."
Larger Site.
Publication date.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Map
“Title
of Map.” Map. Larger Site. Title of Responsible Agency.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Cartoon
Cartoonist’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Cartoon.” Cartoon. Larger Site.
Date of publication.
Web.
Day
Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Advertisment
Name
of Product. Advertisment.
Web.
Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Song
Lyrics
Lyricist's Lastname, Firstname.
Lyrics. "Song Title." Album Title. CD (Cass.
or LP). Record Company.
Year of release. Larger Site.
Web. Day Month Year of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Blog Entry
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of
Individual Blog Entry/Comment." (or Weblog entry/comment. if there
is
no title) Name of Weblog. Sponsoring
Organization. Day Month Year posted.
Web.
Day Month Year
of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
E-mail
Sender’s Lastname, Firstname. “Title Taken
from Subject Line.”
Message to Recipient’s Firstname
Lastname. Day Month Year of message.
E-mail.
Definition
"Word." Online
Dictionary.
Day Month Year posted.
Web. Day Month Year
of access.
<http://www.url.htm>.
Print
Books
Book By One Author
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work.
City of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Print.
Book By Two or Three Authors
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname
and Author’s Firstname Lastname.
Title
of Work. City of
publication:
Publisher, Year of publication. Print.
Book
With More than Three Authors
Primary
Author’s Lastname, Firstname, et al. Title
of Work. City of publication: Publisher,
Year
of publication.
Print.
Book by a Corporate Author
Name
of Organization. Title of Work.
City of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Print.
Book with an Editor
Editor’s
Lastname, Firstname, ed. Title of
Work. City of
publication:
Publisher, Date of
publication.
Print.
Book With No Known Author
Title
of Work.
City of
publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Print.
Two
or More Books by the Same Author
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work.
City of publication: Publisher, Year
of
publication.
Print.
-
- - - - - - - - . Title of Work. City of publication:
Publisher,
Year of
publication.
Print.
Collections
Single Work (such as an Essay, Short Story, or Poem) in a
Collection
Author's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Work." Title of Anthology.
Ed. Editor's Firstname Lastname.
City of
publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Page numbers.
Print.
Single Work
with No Author
in a Collection
“Title
of Work.” Title of Anthology.
Comp. (or Ed.)
Compiler's (or Editor's) Firstname Lastname.
City of publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Page numbers.
Print.
Reprint of a Journal Article in a Collection
Author's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article." Title of Original Journal.
Vol. #.Issue # (Year
of
publication): Page numbers. Rpt. in Title of Collection.
Ed. Editor's Firstname Lastname.
City of
publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Page numbers.
Print.
Reprint of an Essay in a Collection
Author's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Essay." Title of Original Book.
Ed. Editor's Firstname Lastname.
City of
publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Page numbers. Rpt. in Title of Collection.
Ed. Editor's Firstname Lastname.
City of
publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Page numbers.
Print.
Special
Publications
Government Publication
If
you do not know the name of the author, cite the name of the government (ex:
United States.) followed by the name of its agency (ex: National Parks Service.)
.
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. (or Government. Agency.) Title of Publication. City of publication:
Responsible Agency, Year
of publication.
Print.
Pamphlet
Title of Pamphlet. City of publication:
Publisher, Year of publication.
Print.
Musical Score
Artist’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Musical Score. City of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.
Print.
Poem in a Book
Poet's Lastname, Firstname. "Poem
Title." Title of Book. Ed. Firstname Lastname. City of
publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Print.
Personal Letter
Sender's Lastname, Firstname. Letter to
Recipient's Firstname Lastname. Date [written]
(or: n.d.). Day Month Year [received].
Print.
Play or Theatrical
Script
Playwright's Lastname, Firstname. Title of
Play. City of publication: Publisher, Year.
Print.
Reference Books
Signed Article
in a General Encyclopedia
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of
Article.”
Title
of Encyclopedia. # of
edition. Year of
publication.
Print.
Unsigned Article
in a General Encyclopedia
“Title
of Article.”
Title of Encyclopedia. #
of edition. Year of publication.
Print.
Signed Article in a Reference Book
Author's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article." Title of
Reference Book. Ed. Editor's Firstname
Lastname. # of
edition.
City
of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Print.
Definition
in a Dictionary
“Word.”
Title of Dictionary.
#
of
edition.
Year of publication.
Print.
Person
in Biographical Reference
“Subject’s
Lastname, Firstname.” Title of Reference Work.
# of edition.
Place of publication:
Publisher, Year of
publication.
Print.
Print
Periodicals
Note: Newspaper
and magazine articles are often not printed on consecutive pages.
For example, an article might begin on page 1, then skip to page 16. For such articles, write only the first page number and a
plus sign, leaving no intervening spaces such as 1 +. The parenthetical citation
tells reader the exact page from which material was taken.
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article.”
Title of Periodical Vol. #.Issue # (Year
of
publication): Page numbers.
Print.
Article
in a Daily, Weekly,
or Monthly Magazine
Author’s
Lastname, Author’s Firstname. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Day
Month Year:
Page numbers.
Print.
Signed
Newspaper
Article
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Day
Month Year: Page
numbers.
Print.
Editorial
in a Periodical
Author’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Editorial.”
Editorial.
Title
of
Periodical
Day
Month Year:
Page
numbers.Print.
Book
Review
Reviewer’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title
of Review.”
Rev. of
Title of Work,
by Author’s
Firstname
Lastname.
Title
of
Periodical
Day Month Year of review: Page numbers. Print.
Movie
Review
Reviewer’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Review.”
Rev. of
Movie
Title,
dir. Director’s Firstname
Lastname.
Title of Periodical
Day
Month Year of
review: Page numbers.
Print.
Image in a Magazine
Creator's Lastname, Firstname. Image Title.
Date. “Article Title.” Magazine Title. Date:
Page. Print.
Non-Print
Map
or Chart
Title
of Map.
Map
(or Chart).
City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Print.
Cartoon
Cartoonist’s
Lastname, Firstname.
Cartoon.
Publication
Title Day Month Year of publication:
Page number.
Print.
Advertisement
Title
or Description of Ad by Name of Advertiser. Advertisement.
Publication Title.
Day Month Year of
publication: Page number.
Print.
Artwork
To
cite a painting or sculpture, state the artist’s name first.
In general, italicize the title. Name the institution that houses the
work (e.g. a museum) or, for a work in a private collection, the individual who
owns it, and follow the name by a comma and the city.
Artist’s
Lastname, Firstname. Title of
the Work. Year created. Medium used. Name of Museum
where work of art is displayed,
City.
Image in a Book
Artist's
Lastname, Firstname. Title of
Image. Date Created. City,
State (USA) or City, Country
(Outside of USA). Title of Work in
Which
Image Appears.
By Author's Firstname Lastname.
Place of publication: Publisher,
Year of
publication. Plate or Page number.
Print.
Photograph
of a Work of Art
Artist's
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work of
Art. City, State (USA) or City, Country
(Outside of USA).
Title of Work in
Which
Photograph Appears.
By Author's Firstname Lastname. Place of publication:
Publisher,
Year of
publication. Plate or Page number.
Print.
Original Photograph
Subject of Photograph.
Personal photograph by
author. Day Month Year photograph
was taken.
Lecture
Speaker's
Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Presentation." Title of Meeting/Course
Name.
Name
of Sponsoring Organization/Institution. Location. Day
Month Year of presentation.
Interview
Interviewee’s
Lastname, Firstname. Personal
Interview. Day
Month Year
of interview.
Survey
Survey Author's Lastname, Firstname. "Survey Title."
Survey. Day Month Year of survey.
Video Game
Title of Game. Version number.
[Optional: contributors]. Company. Date of version.
Video game.
Media
Broadcast Interview
Interviewee’s
Lastname, Firstname. "Interview Title." Interview
by
Interviewer’s Firstname Lastname.
Title
of
Program.
Name of Broadcasting Company. Name
of Local Broadcasting Station,
Location of
Broadcasting Company. Day Month Year of broadcast.
Radio (or Television).
Television
or
Radio
Show
“Title
of Program.” Narr. Narrator’s Firstname Lastname.
Title of Series.
Dir. Director’s Firstname
Lastname.
Name of
Network. Day Month Year show aired.
Radio (or Television).
Music
Video
Artist’s
Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Video.” Title of Album.
Name of Record Producer, Year of release.
Music video. Dir.
Director’s Firstname Lastname. Channel on which video aired. Day Month Year
video was produced.
Television.
Film
Title
of Film. Dir.
Director’s Firstname Lastname.
Perf.
Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname,
Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname, and Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname. Movie
Studio
Name, Year of release. Film.
Video
Recording
Title
of Film. Dir.
Director’s Firstname Lastname.
Perf.
Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname,
Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname, and Leading Performer’s Firstname Lastname.
Year of original
release. DVD (or Video). Name of
Company releasing
film in
video/DVD,
Year
of release.
Film.
Sound
Recording
Artist's Lastname, Firstname. "Song Title."
Album Title. Production Company,
Year.
CD.
Play/Live
Performance
Title
of Performance.
By Playwright’s Firstname Lastname.
Dir.
Director’s Firstname Lastname.
Perf.
Performer’s Firstname Lastname,
Performer's Firstname Lastname, and
Performer's Firstname
Lastname.
Performance Venue,
City. Day Month Year of performance.
Performance.
Citation
Links
Citing Sources
http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/
This page is from Duke University.
CBE Style Guide: Style Guide for Bibliographies and Footnotes
http://www.lib.washington.edu/help/guides/42CBE.pdf
This Guide provides examples of scientific format, using the Name-Year (or
Harvard) System.
Research and Documentation Online
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/
Citation examples are provided according to the format appropriate for each
major discipline.
Citing Your Sources
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/citations.html
This guide from the UC Berkeley Library answers the basic questions
about citing sources and plagiarism, and includes downloadable .pdf documents on
the various citation formats.
EasyBib
http://easybib.com/
This is an "automatic bibliography and citation maker." Just be sure to
proof your citations to be sure they meet our requirements.
Frequently Asked Questions about
APA Style
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx
Also, click on Learning APA Style for free tutorials.
Landmarks Son of Citation Machine
http://citationmachine.net/
This site will create citations for you when you fill out a form for any
type of resource.
Just be sure to proof your citations to be sure they
meet our requirements.
MLA Formatting and Style Guide
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Brought to you from the
OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue University, one of the best online resources
you can find!
SourceAid
http://www.sourceaid.com/
This citation builder allows you to select from various formats, including:
Modern Language Assn. (MLA), American Psychological Assn. (APA), Chicago Manual
of Style, and Council of Science Editors (CSE).
Just be sure to proof your citations to be sure they
meet our requirements.
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