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Documenting
Resources:
What Format Do I Use for Science?
There
are two systems for documenting sources in Science. You should check with your
instructor to determine which system to use.
Name-Year System
Creating a Works Cited
Using the Name-Year
System
In-Text Citation Using the Name-Year system
The
Number System
Creating a Works Cited
Using the Number
System
In-Text Citations Using the Number System
Sciences: Documenting Sources
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/sciences/number.html
Here you will find a website on using the Number (or
Citation-Sequence) System.
The Name-Year System (aka Harvard System)
1. Center
the title Literature Cited at the top.
2. Alphabetize
the list by the authors’ last names, or by the first main word (skip ‘a’,
‘an’, or ‘the’) of the title if there is no author. Put two works by the
same author in chronological order.
3. For
works with an organization or association as the author, add an acronym
for the name in brackets at the beginning of the citation.
4. Do NOT number or bullet each
entry.
5. The first line of each entry
must be flush with the left margin. Indent
the following lines of each citation by five spaces.
6. A period
goes after EACH section of the citation (Author. Date. Publication information.
URL.).
7. The author’s
last name is followed by his or her initials only, which are not separated by
periods or spaces. Multiple authors are all listed last-name-first.
8. The year
of the publication comes after the author’s name, because the currency of the
material is important.
9. Do
not use quotation marks for titles of articles or web pages. Do not underline or use italics for titles of books, journals, or larger sites.
Use an abbreviation for journal
titles.
10. Capitalize
only the first word and proper names in a title.
11. Dates
are written as Year Month Day, with no punctuation between them.
Example: 2004 May 10.
12. Citations for online
sources must include, at least, a page title, web address (URL), and access
date. Enclose the complete URL in angle brackets, with a period after the closing
bracket.
Example: <http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html>.
ARRANGEMENT
OF INFORMATION WITHIN A CITATION
Online
source:
Authorlastname Initial/s (or Organization). Year Month Day of publication or last update. Title of article or
page. Title of larger work or site. Retrieved Year Month Day of access,
from <URL>.
Database article:
Authorlastname Initial/s (or Organization). Year Month Day of publication or
last update. Article title.
Original source. Volume# (Issue#), Page numbers. Retrieved Year Month Day
of access,
from Database Name. <Database URL>.
Journal
article:
Authorlastname
Initial/s. Year. Article title. Journal Title Abbreviated. Volume:Pages.
Book:
Authorlastname
Initial/s. Year. Title. Place: Publisher. Total number of pages.
EXAMPLES:
Literature Cited
Altavilla
J. 2009 May 27. On the fly. Hartford Courant. B1. Retrieved 2009 May 29, from
ProQuest Platinum.
<http://proquest.umi.com>.
[CDC]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000 Oct. 2. Fight the bite!
<http://www.cdc.gov>. [Accessed 2000 Oct 3.]
Koss
RW. 1968. Morphology and taxonomic use of Ephemeroptera eggs. Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Am. 61: 696-721.
Walker
K. 1955. The story of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. 343 p.
1. The in-text reference
must match the beginning of the full Literature Cited citation exactly, so your
reader will know which source in the Literature Cited list you used for that
section of text.
2. A
parenthetical reference consists of the author’s last name (or the
beginning of a title that has no author, or an acronym for an association)
and date of publication, with no punctuation between them. For electronic
sources, be
sure to use the publication date, not the access date.
e.g.:
(CDC 2000).
3. Direct quotations also
include the page number, separated from the date by a comma.
e.g.: “………” (Gilbert and Gubar 2000, p. 81).
4. A parenthetical
citation always goes OUTSIDE OF A QUOTATION and usually BEFORE A PUNCTUATION
MARK, such as a period (see example above). However, at
the end of a block quote, it goes after the period .
e.g. (block quote):
…..nature of life on earth. (Smith 2003, p. 10)
5. Use
one citation at the end of a long section of material that comes from one source
and the same page. Do not cite the same source at the end of each sentence.
For a consecutive quote from the same source, but a different page, use only the new
page number in the citation.
e.g.: “……….” (p. 35).
6.
For the sake of variety, and to avoid long citations, place reference
information, such as the author’s name, in a previewing sentence or signal
phrase. The following parenthetical citation should include the publication date only.
e.g.,
Scipione’s (1995) recent study of coral bleaching suggests that…
7. For
a direct quote from an electronic source, include author’s last name (or the beginning of the page title if
there is no author) and date only. Do not use page numbers from a printout.
e.g.: “………..” (Jones 2000).
8.
When there is more than one work by the same author, published in the same year,
put a lower case letter after the date to indicate the first (a) title listed in
the Works Cited, the second (b), etc.
e.g.:
(Walker 1955a).
9. If
a single source has two authors, include last names of both authors within the
body of your text or in the parenthetical citation. For three or more authors,
include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” with no comma
between them.
e.g.:
(Bednarik and McCafferty 1985).
e.g.:
(Bednarik et al. 2001).
10.
When citing a source quoted within another source, include the author of
the words as “qtd. in” the author of source.
e.g.:
(Brown qtd. in Smith 1999).
The
Number System (aka Citation-Sequence System)
CREATING
A WORKS CITED LIST USING THE NUMBER (OR CITATION-SEQUENCE) SYSTEM
1. Center the title Literature
Cited at the top.
2. Number and list the citations in
the order in which you cite them within the text of your
paper.
3. The first line of each entry must be
flush with the left margin. Indent the following lines of each citation
by five spaces.
4. A period goes after EACH section
of the citation (Author. Date. Publication information.
URL.).
5. The author’s last name is
followed by his or her initials only, which are not separated by periods or
spaces. Multiple authors are all listed last-name-first.
6. The year of the publication
comes after the author’s name, because the date of the material is
important.
7. Do not use quotation marks for
titles of articles or web pages. Do not underline or use italics for titles of books,
journals, or larger sites. Use an abbreviation for journal titles.
8. Capitalize only the first word
and proper names in a title.
9. Dates are written as Year Month
Day, with no punctuation between them.
Example: 2004 May 10.
10. Citations for online sources
must include, at least, a page title, web address (URL), and
access date. Enclose the complete URL in angle brackets, with a period after the
closing bracket.
Example: <http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html>.
ARRANGEMENT
OF INFORMATION WITHIN A CITATION
Online source:
Entry #. Authorlastname Initial/s (or
Organization). Year Month Day of publication or last update.
Title of article or page. Title of larger work or site. <URL>. [Date of access, year first.]
Database article:
Entry #. Authorlastname Initial/s (or Organization). Year Month Day of
publication or last update.
Article title. Original source. Volume# (Issue#), Page numbers. Retrieved
Year Month Day of access,
from Database Name. <Database URL>.
Journal article:
Entry #.
Authorlastname
Initial/s. Year. Article title. Journal Title Abbreviated. Volume: Pages.
Book:
Entry #.
Authorlastname
Initial/s. Year. Title. Place: Publisher. Total no. of pages.
EXAMPLES:
Literature Cited
1.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000 Oct. 2. Fight the bite!
<http://www.cdc.gov>.
[Accessed 2000 Oct 3.]
2.
Koss RW. 1968. Morphology and taxonomic use of Ephemeroptera eggs. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Am.
61: 696-721.
3.
Walker K. 1955. The story of medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. 343 p.
IN-TEXT
REFERENCES USING THE NUMBER
(OR
CITATION-SEQUENCE) SYSTEM
1. In-text citations are numbered
sequentially throughout the text of your paper, using parentheses or a
superscript number at the end of the reference.
e.g.: Current research (1) demonstrates…
e.g.: Current research1
demonstrates…
2. Use the
original number assigned to a source each time you refer to it throughout the
paper.
3. Direct quotations also include the page
number, separated from the reference number by a comma.
e.g.:
“………” (3, p. 81).
e.g.:
“………” 3, p. 81.
4. A parenthetical citation always
goes OUTSIDE OF A QUOTATION and usually BEFORE A PUNCTUATION MARK, such as a
period (see example above). However, it goes after the period at the end of a
block quote.
e.g. (block quote): …..nature
of life on earth. (6, p. 10)
e.g. (block quote):
…..nature of life on earth. 6, p. 10
5. Use one
citation at the end of a long section of material that comes from one source and
the same page. Do not cite the same source at the end of each sentence.
For a consecutive quote from the same source, but a different page, use only the new
page number in the citation.
e.g.: “……….” (p. 35).
e.g.: “……….” p.
35.
6. For the
sake of variety, place reference information, such as the author’s name, in a
previewing sentence or signal phrase.
e.g.,
Scipione’s (7) recent study
of coral bleaching suggests that…
e.g.,
Scipione’s 7 recent study of coral bleaching suggests
that…
7. For a
direct quote from an electronic source, include
the reference number only. Do not use page numbers from a printout.
[Research
Manual Homepage
][ Introduction ] [ Research Process ] [ Dewey Decimal ] [ Search Strategies ] [ Evaluating Resources ] [ Bibliography Cards ] [ Avoiding Plagiarism ] [ Note Cards ] [ Works Cited ] [ Parenthetical Citations ] [ Science Writing ] [ Documenting Science ] [ Outlining ] [ Sample Outline ] [ Graphic Organizers ] [ Sample Paper/Works Cited ] [ Primary Sources ] [ Glossary ] [ Useful Links ]
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